Chapter the First


The Data


Capitalizing on his small victory, Mendel came at once to the heart of his thesis, "If two plants which differ constantly in one or several characters be crossed, numerous experiments have demonstrated that the common characters are transmitted unchanged to the hybrids and their progeny." Consistency, thought Mendel, the transmitting element is constant, not a fluid. Unger, his mentor at the University of Vienna, would be very interested in this result, he had frequently stated in his lectures that the transmission mechanism was unknown, although he has once written, "embryo formation is determined by both sides (i.e. both parents) and represents the middle way. The middle forms are a mixture of characters."

Continuing, "But each pair of differentiating characters, on the other hand, unite in the hybrid to form a new character, which in the progeny of the hybrid is usually variable. The object of the experiment was to observe these variations in the case of each pair of differentiating characters, and to deduce the law according to which they appear in successive generations. The experiment resolves itself therefore into just as many separate experiments as there are constantly differentiating characters presented in the experimental plants."

This was the key, each parent donated a transmission element to the hybrid. These elements combined in the hybrid to produce a new character, and in subsequent progeny from these hybrids, the original characters sorted themselves out according to laws, which Mendel felt he had untangled.

Had Mendel been a more effective presenter, he would have paused dramatically at this point, and then rammed home the significance of his findings. Brother Timothy held his breath. An effective communicator himself, he recognized that Mendel had reached a critical point in his paper. He need not have worried. In that cold, Realschule auditorium, Mendel, the discoverer of a new branch of biological science, turned the page of his notes, continued his talk in the only way he knew, and vanished from the pages of science history for 30 years.

"Each two of the differentiating characters enumerated above were united by cross-fertilization," he said, and because he never made an unsubstantiated statement, he went on, "There were made for the

"The plants were grown in garden beds, a few also in pots, and were maintained in their natural upright position by means of sticks, branches of trees, and strings stretched between. For each experiment a number of pot plants were placed during the blooming period in a greenhouse, to serve as control plants for the main experiment ..."

The data and the details droned on and on. Even his friends from the monastery and his old schoolteacher, try as they might, lost interest as Mendel explained every tiny aspect of pea plant growth and differentiation. Even the upright Germans began to slump in their chairs, and the less patient Grunewald took out another cigar and pointedly lit it. This was not what he had come to hear.