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May Celebrates Asian-Pacific American Heritage

Every month, this column will feature a different ethnic group that has made great contributions to our country. We'll spotlight their experience in America, profile a few people whose names might be unfamiliar but whose accomplishments are not, and challenge you with trivia questions. Check back weekly to see if you answered our "Guess Who?" correctly, and learn more about the people and culture we're spotlighting.

May Celebrates Asian-Pacific American Heritage
In 1960, the USPS recognized the 100th anniversary of the U.S.-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce. The cherry blossoms in our nation's capital were a gift from the mayor of Tokyo in 1912

In 1960, the USPS recognized the 100th anniversary of the U.S.-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce. The cherry blossoms in our nation's capital were a gift from the mayor of Tokyo in 1912.

This May, we're celebrating Asian-Pacific Heritage Month—an official designation signed into law in 1992 to honor those who came to the United States from the Asian continent and just about all of the Pacific islands. May was chosen to commemorate two events: the immigration of the first Japanese to the United States on May 7, 1843, and the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869—a feat largely dependent on Chinese immigrants.

It's interesting to note that these two groups were once among the most persecuted in American history.

Let's start with the Chinese. Up until 1848, fewer than 1,000 Chinese had come to the United States. But the California Gold Rush and the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad changed all that, and by 1880, more than 100,000 Chinese had arrived, most of whom settled on the West Coast. Based on fears of this very foreign culture and a fair degree of racism, nativist Americans began blaming the Chinese for everything from depressed wage levels to violence in Los Angeles to rising unemployment among other ethnic groups.

The animosity resulted in the passing of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882—the first immigration law against a specific race. Originally scheduled to expire in 10 years, the act was not repealed until 1943, an extended ban that stunted the growth and assimilation of the Chinese community. The act that replaced it, however, wasn't much better—only a maximum of 105 Chinese immigrants were allowed entry per year. The Immigration Act of 1965 put an end to all that, and the flow of Chinese into the United States has mushroomed. Today, Cantonese is the third most widely spoken non-English language in the country.

The Japanese had a somewhat different experience, particularly after the Chinese were excluded, when industrialists began replacing Chinese immigrant works with Japanese. This trend continued for about 25 years, until the Gentleman's Agreement of 1907 between the U.S. and Japanese governments—in return for Japan forbidding any further immigration of male workers, the United States would accept spouses of workers already in the country and would not impose restrictions on Japanese students already here. That agreement lasted until the Immigration Act of 1924, which banned all but a few Japanese altogether.

The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 dealt a serious blow to Japanese Americans. More than 120,000 were rounded up and forced into interment camps, where most of them remained until the end of the World War II. The number of new arrivals continued to stagnate until the Immigration Act of 1965 ended the ban on Japanese immigrants. Today, more than 1.2 million Americans claim Japanese heritage, all of whom were vindicated when the United States officially apologized for the internment policy and paid reparations of more than $1.2 billion (an apology that, curiously, has been denied to smaller numbers of German and Italian Americans who were similarly interned during the war).

Each group of Asian-Pacific Americans has faced a somewhat different history, from Indians (who first arrived in the 1700s) to Mongolians (who started to arrive in larger numbers only in the 1990s), from Vietnamese (who were harassed by both the KKK and African Americans in the South) to Filipinos (who were forbidden to marry whites and to travel). This month, we'll focus on some individuals of Asian-Pacific descent who overcame all that and made contributions to American society that have left us all the richer.

Resources and Things to Do & See:
  • Asia Society (Manhattan) | website
  • Asian American Arts Centre (Manhattan) | website
  • Chinatown (Brooklyn, Manhattan, Flushing) | website
  • Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art (Staten Island) | website
  • Japan Society (Manhattan) | website
An Asian-Pacific American Did That?

Being the first in the family to achieve something momentous is a special honor. Many of you, for instance, are the first in your family to go to college, and that's a very big deal...
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Guess Who?

This Japanese American:

  • had grandparents who were interned in the West during World War II;
  • began figure skating as a child as therapy for her club feet;
  • had a successful pairs career with Rudy Galindo before switching to singles;
  • won gold medals at the U.S. and World championships, Goodwill Games, Skate America, and 1992 Winter Olympics; and
  • proved she could do much more than skate by winning the sixth season of Dancing with the Stars

Who is she? Check here next week for the answer!

*** Answer to last week's "Guess Who?" Igor Stravinsky ! ***