Sharon O'Connor-Petruso
Assistant Professor
Childhood, Bilingual and Special Education
Location: 2107c James Hall
Phone: 718.951.5000 x3754
Fax: 718.951.4816
Email:
Dr. Sharon A. O'Connor-Petruso is recognized for her work in both instructional technology and secondary analysis of large databases. As an avid researcher, she presents her work on both national (AERA and AECT) and international platforms (ECHA). Dr. O?Connor-Petruso?s manuscripts have appeared in over 20 refereed publications - including co-editing a textbook entitled Globalization, Technology Literacy & Curricula and five chapters in the International Education, An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems. Her most recent work (in print) ?Criteria for Cross-Cultural Survey Research? will appear in the Handbook on Comparative and International Studies Education. Dr. O?Connor-Petruso has taught in both the mathematics and education departments, teaching the capstone research and advanced pedagogy courses and has served as the ?Interim Director of Academic Assessment? for Brooklyn College. She also created the data-based aggregation system that secured accreditation for SOE.
Education:
Ed.D., St. John's University - 1998 (Curriculum & Instructional Leadership)
P.D. , St. John's University - 1996 (School District Administrator/Supervisor)
M.S., Queens College (CUNY) - 1986 (Special Education)
B.A., Adelphi University - 1979 (History/Education)
Areas of Expertise:
Her research interests include exploring predictor variables that lead to high achievement in the hard sciences, integrating Web 2.0 into the curriculum and analyses of large international and national databases such as NAEP, NELS:88, TIMSS and TIMSS-R.
Her survey research Web site: globalskillsstudies.org
Books and Publications
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A., & Martinez-Pons, M. (In print). Criteria for Cross-Cultural Research in Handbook of International Research (Ed., D. Sharpes): John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken. (Books and Publications: Forthcoming Publications) 2016
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (April 19, 2012). Effective Strategies for creating fully online and hybrid courses. Workshop Presenter at Roberta S. Matthews Center for Teaching, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York. 2012
American Educational Research Association's Special Interest Group International Studies "Certificate of Appreciation Web Master" 2003-2016. (Awards and Honors) 2016
Created Two Web Hosting Sites for Current Research Projects
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A., Adams, J., & Miele, E. (2016, April 9). Comparing Science Teachers' Beliefs and Practices with Formal-Informal Learning Environments and Activities for STEM Education. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association: Washington, D.C. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2016
American Educational Research Association (AERA) Special Interest Group (SIG) International Studies Chair
External Program Evaluator: Regents Accreditation Teacher Education (RATE). Elementary Education Program: St. Francis College, Brooklyn, New York. (August, 2004).
Member and reviewer, Association for Educational Communications & Technology, 2008-present. 2008
Rosenfeld, B.A., & O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (June, 2014). East vs. West: A Comparison of Mobile
Phone Use by Chinese and American College Students, College Student Journal, (2)48. Pgs.312-338.
(Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2014
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (2013). Synchronous & asynchronous electronic learning. In C.Lin, D. Ness, & M. Shiegemitsu (Eds.) International Education, An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems, Vol. 1 (pp. 214-220). M. E. Sharpe: Armonk. Cloth ISBN: 978-0-7656-2049-1. (Books and Publications: Chapter) 2013
Chung, C. J., & O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (2013). Future of technology. In C. Lin, D. Ness, & M. Shiegemitsu (Eds.) International Education, An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems, Vol. 1 (pp. 232-238). M. E. Sharpe: Armonk. Cloth ISBN: 978-0-7656- 2049-1. (Books and Publications: Edited Book) 2013
Herrity, V.A., Ho, H. Z., Lin, C.L., Ness, D., O'Connor-Petruso, S. A., & Ogawa, K. (2013). Topics in international education: Introduction. In C. Lin, D. Ness, & M. Shiegemitsu (Eds.) International Education, An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems, Vol. 1 (pp. 3-9). M. E. Sharpe: Armonk. Cloth ISBN: 978-0-7656- 2049-1
(Books and Publications: Edited Book) 2013
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (2013). Technologies and Global Education. In C. Lin, D. Ness, & M. Shiegemitsu (Eds.) International Education, An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems, Vol. 1 (pp. 204-238). M. E. Sharpe: Armonk. Cloth ISBN: 978-0-7656-2049-1 (Books and Publications: Edited Book) 2013
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A., & Lei, J. (2013). History and development of technology in education. In C.Lin, D. Ness, & M. Shiegemitsu (Eds.) International Education, An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems, Vol. 1 (pp. 204-208). M. E. Sharpe: Armonk. Cloth ISBN: 978-0-7656- 2049-1. (Books and Publications: Chapter) 2013
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A., & Lei, J. (2013). Information and communication technologies and Challenges. In C. Lin, D. Ness, & M. Shiegemitsu (Eds.) International Education, An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems, Vol. 1 (pp. 208-214). M. E. Sharpe: Armonk. Cloth ISBN: 978-0- 7656- 2049-1.
(Books and Publications: Chapter) 2013
Verna, M., O'Connor-Petruso, S. A., & Campbell, J. R. (2013). The internet. In C. Lin, D. Ness, & M. Shiegemitsu (Eds.) International Education, An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems, Vol. 1, (pp. 220-223). M. E. Sharpe: Armonk. Cloth ISBN: 978-0-7656-2049-1. (Books and Publications: Chapter) 2013
Campbell, J. R., Freeley, M .E., & O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. (November, 2012). Comparing parental
involvement for international academic Olympians from Europe, Scandinavia, and America. Talent Development and Excellence, IRATDE
(Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2012
Campbell, J. R., Freeley, M. E., & O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (November, 2012). Fathers say less and are listened to more: Results from a cross cultural study of family dynamics with Germans, Cypriot, Chinese, and American parents. Talent Development and Excellence, IRATDE
(Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2012
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and B. Rosenfeld. "Rudeness in the Classroom and Public Spaces Revisited: College Students' Perceptions of Appropriate Use of E-communication." 34th Annual Proceedings: Selected Research and Development Papers Presented at the 2011 national Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology 1: 183-87. Ed. M. Simonson. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2011
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and F. Girelli-Carasi. Globalization: Technology, Literacy & Curricula. Boston: Pearson Custom. (Books and Publications: Edited Book) 2010
Rosenfeld, B. and S.A. O'Connor-Petruso. "Rudeness in the Classroom: A Survey of College Students' Perceptions of Inappropriate Use of Technology." 33rd Proceedings of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Volume1, On the Practice of Educational Communications and Technology, Florida. Retrieved Jan. 24, 2011, from http://www.aect.org/pdf/proceedings10/2010I/10_38.pdf. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2010
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and B. Rosenfeld. "Effective Strategies for Integrating Technology and the Tools of Web 2.0 When Limited by Budget, Infrastructure and Shelf Life." The Journal for Computing Teachers Fall 2009. Retrieved Jan. 15, 2010, from http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Membership/SIGs/
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and B. Rosenfeld. "Web 2.0: What Works? And What Doesn't? Experience From the Trenches." 32nd Proceedings of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Volume 1, On the Practice of Educational Communications and Technology, Florida. Retrieved Oct. 25 from http://www.aect.org/pdf/proceedings09/2009/09_45.pdf. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2009
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and B. Rosenfeld. "Effective Strategies for Integrating Technology and the Tools of Web 2.0 When Limited by Budget, Infrastructure, and Shelf Life." 31st Proceedings of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Volume 2, On the Practice of Educational Communications and Technology, Florida. Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.aect.org/publications/
"Comparing Data From the International Olympiad Studies With Equity Paradigms." Helsinki: Holistic Education & Giftedness, KTLJ111: 262-71. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2007
"Cross-cultural Research: Basic Issues, Dilemmas and Strategies." Review of the book by J.R. Campbell, K. Tirri, P. Ruohotie and H. Walberg, eds. Roeper Review 29.2, Winter: 143-44. (Books and Publications: Book Review) 2007
Campbell, J.R., M. Verna and S.A. O'Connor-Petruso. "Gender Paradigms." Proceedings of the IRC-2004 TIMSS 1: 206-19. Paper presented at the International Research Conference. Cyprus. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2004
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and K. Miranda. "Gender Inequities Among the Top Scoring Nations--Singapore, Republic of Korea and Chinese Taipei--in Mathematics Achievement From the TIMSS-R Study." Proceedings of the IRC-2004 TIMSS 2: 31-46. Paper presented at the International Research Conference: Cyprus. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2004
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A., M. Schiering, B. Hayes and B. Serrano. "Pedagogical and Parental Influences in Mathematics Achievement by Gender From Select European Countries From the TIMSS-R Study." Proceedings of the IRC-2004 TIMSS 2: 69-84. Paper presented at the International Research Conference. Cyprus. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2004
"A Model for Implementation: Integrating Mathematics and Technology in the Elementary Science Inquiry Classroom." ISTE's Learning & Leading With Technology 30.8: 32-39. Paper presented at the 2002 Conference of Instructional Technologies. Potsdam. ERIC JOURNAL 668391. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2003
"Online Supplement: Lessons and Activities Correlated to Bloom's Taxonomy." Available online at www.iste.org/LL. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2003
"How Do the Theoretical Paradigms Fit the Data From the International Olympiad Studies?" Journal of Research in Education 12.1: 112-16. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2002
O'Connor, S. A. and K. Miranda. "The Linkages Among Family Structure, Self-concept, Effort and Performance on Mathematics Achievement of American High School Students by Race." American Secondary Education 31.1: 72-85. (Books and Publications: Peer Reviewed Article) 2002
"The Relationship Between Family Structure and Academic Self-concepts on Achievement of Contemporary German High School Students. Proceedings of the Chinese Educational Research and Development Association (CAERDA) Innovative Applications in Education for the New Millennium: 136-55. Paper presented at the 8th Annual International CAERDA Conference, New York. (Books and Publications: Chapter) 2000
"The Critical Role of Self-concept on Achievement of German High School Students." Global Research Monograph Series: Equity Studies on the International Scene: Studies from the United States, Europe and Asia 10: 42-55. (Books and Publications: Chapter) 1999
Creative Work
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (February, 2011). NCATE: CBSE Data Aggregation. Workshop Presenter. CBS Meeting, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York. 2011
WIKI Web Sites
Created seven Wiki Web Sites for five courses at Brooklyn College:
O?Connor-Petruso, S. A. (2012). Myarttech. Retrieved from http://myarttechwiki.wikispaces.com
O?Connor-Petruso. S. A. (2010). ServiceLearningReflections. Retrieved from
http://servicelearningreflections.wikispaces.com
O?Connor-Petruso. S. A. (2010). Educ-science-math-tech. Retrieved from
http://educ-science-math-tech.wikispaces.com
O?Connor-Petruso. S. A. (2010). MyMSTWikiNET1. Retrieved from
http://mymstwikinet1.wikipsaces.com
O?Connor-Petruso. S. A. (2008). ActionResearchProjects. Retrieved from
http://actionresearchprojects.wikispaces.com
O?Connor-Petruso. S. A. (2008). EarlyActionResearch. Retrieved from
http://earlyactionresearch.wikispaces.com
O?Connor-Petruso. S. A. (2008). MyMSTWiki. Retrieved from http://mymstwiki.wikispaces.com
2008
Webmaster, Childhood Education Program organizational site entitled SOE on Blackboard (2007-09) housing rubrics, data aggregation sheets and resources necessitated for NCATE accreditation. 2007
Unpublished dissertation (requested and catalogued in 2006 by the National Library of Education: U.S. Department of Education): "The Linkages Among the Home Environment and Academic Self-concepts on Achievement of Contemporary Family Structures of German High School Students" (1998). National Library of Education: US Department of Education, Catalogue #LC 225.O26 1998. 2006
Awards, Honors and Fellowships
In April of 2015, Dr. O'Connor-Petruso was awarded American Educational Research Association (AERA) Special Interest Group (SIG) International Studies "Distinguished Leadership and Service Award." (Awards and Honors) 2015
Service Learning Project Director, funding. $8,991.03; 2009-11. (Grants and Fellowships) 2009
Inspiration & Graph Club Software: O'Connor-Petruso Brooklyn College, Student Technology Fee $1,500. 2008-2009 (Grants and Fellowships) 2008
Research Activities
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (2010). International Technology Studies. Org. Retrieved from http://internationaltechnologystudies.org/
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. Global Skills Studies. Org.(2010) Retrieved from http://globalskillsstudies.org/
2010
Online Surveys
Authored & Co-Authored three Survey Instruments for Research Projects
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A., & Jiesamfoek, 2012 V1. International Digital Art & Creativity Survey. Global Skills Studies. Org. Retrieved from
http://www.internationaltechnologystudies.org/cgibin/rws5.pl?FORM=InternationalDigitalArtCreativitySu rvey
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. International Source Ware & Creativity Survey, 2012 V1. Global Skills Studies. Org. Retrieved from http://www.internationaltechnologystudies.org/cgibin/rws5.pl?FORM=IInternationalSourcewareCreativit ySurvey
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A., Rosenfeld, B., & Martinez-Pons, M. The International Technology Etiquette Survey. © 2011 V.3. International Technology Studies. Org. Retrieved from http://www.internationaltechnologystudies.org/cgibin/rws5.pl?FORM=International_Technology_Etiquett e_Survey_English
Note: The International technology survey is also available online in Chinese and Arabic.
2010
Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums
Adams, J., O'Connor-Petruso, S.A., & Miele, E. (2015, April 17). Informal Learning Environments & Science Teacher Education: Teacher Identity and Enactment. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association (AERA): Chicago.
(Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2015
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. & Rosenfeld, B. (2013, April 30). Comparing college students perceptions of appropriate e-communication use by race and culture Paper presented at the Annual American Educational Research Association (AERA): San Francisco
(Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2013
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. & Rosenfeld, B. (2013, May 22). Mobile phone use: A comparison of Chinese and American students. Symposia at Faculty Day Conference at Brooklyn College,
The City University of New York.
(Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2013
Tirri, K., Rissanen, I., O'Connor-Petruso, S. A., Sharpes, D., & Rahbek Schou, L. (2013, May 1).
Teacher attitudes toward Muslim students in six European countries. Paper presented at the Annual American Educational Research Association (AERA): San Francisco.
(Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2013
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. & Rosenfeld, B. (May 23, 2012). Rudeness in the classroom and public places revisited: College student's perceptions of appropriate use of E-Communication. Symposia at Faculty Day Conference at Brooklyn College, The City University of New York.
(Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2012
O'Connor-Petruso, S. A. (September, 2012). Preparing talented students with globalization skills when limited by budget, infrastructure, and shelf life. Poster presented at the European Council of High Abilities (ECHA) 13th Conference: Munster, Germany (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2012
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and B. Rosenfeld. "Rudeness in the Classroom and Public Spaces Revisited: College Students' Perceptions of Appropriate Use of E-communication." 34th Annual Proceedings: Selected Research and Development Papers Presented at the 2011 national Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Jacksonville, FL. Ed. M. Simonson. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Contributed Talk) 2011
Rosenfeld, B. and S.A. O'Connor-Petruso. "Rudeness in the Classroom: A survey of College Students' Perceptions of Inappropriate Use of Technology." The Association for Educational Communications and Technology, On the Practice of Educational Communications and Technology, Florida. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2010
Martinez-Pons, M., D. Shanley and S.A. O'Connor-Petruso. "The Relation of Learning Disability With Academic Achievement: A Contextual View" poster. American Educational Research Association. San Diego, May. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2009
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and B. Rosenfeld. "Web 2.0: What Works? And What Doesn't? Experience From the Trenches." Roundtable session, Association for Educational Communications and Technology 32st Conference. Louisville, Ky., October. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2009
"Cross-national Comparison of Specific Environmental, Educational, Demographic and Motivational Factors Affecting German High School Students' Achievement." American Educational Research Association. New York, March. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2008
"Nurturing Talented Students in Information Age Skills When Limited by Budget, Infrastructure and Shelf Life." 11th European Council for High Ability. Prague, September. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2008
Campbell, J.R. and O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. "National Competitions Help Eradicate Gender Inequities in the Gifted and Talented." 11th European Council for High Ability. Prague, September. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2008
Globalization: Technology, Literacy & Curricula Roundtable, Faculty Day, Symposia at Brooklyn College, May. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2008
Martinez-Pons, M., D. Shanley and S.A. O'Connor-Petruso. "Socioeconomic Status Influences Reading Comprehension Through Family Processes, Parental Involvement, and Self Concept" poster. Association for Psychological Science 20th Annual Convention. Chicago, May. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2008
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and B. Rosenfeld. "Effective Strategies for Integrating Technology and the Tools of Web 2.0 When Limited by Budget, Infrastructure and Shelf Life." Association for Educational Communications and Technology 31st Conference. Orlando, Fla., October. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2008
"Comparing Data From the International Olympiad Studies With Equity Paradigms." European Council of High Abilities. Lahti, Finland, September. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2006
"Use the Discovery Approach & Technology." The Twentieth Annual Long Island Mathematics Conference. SUNY College at Old Westbury. March. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2006
O'Connor-Petruso, S.A. and M. Schiering. "Linking Learning Styles, Character Development, Service Learning and Pedagogy for Empirical Application." Presented by M. Schiering at European Learning Styles Information Network (ElSIN), School of Management, University of Surrey, England. June. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2005
"Utilizing Web Tools to Create Innovative MST Learning Units." SUNY WEB Migration Conference. SUNY College at Old Westbury. April. (Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums: Conference Presentation) 2003
Professional Leadership
Term May 1, 2016 - April 30, 2019 (Professional Leadership: Organizational Leadership Position) 2016
Academic Assessment Council School Representative (2015-2016). (Professional Leadership: Committee Service) 2015
INTERIM DIRECTOR BROOKLYN COLLEGE ACADEMIC ASSESSMENT: Summer 2014- Spring 2015 (Professional Leadership: Organizational Leadership Position) 2014
School of Education Academic Assessment Council Representative: (Spring 2014). (Professional Leadership: Organizational Leadership Position) 2014
Program head, Childhood Education Program, School of Education, 2007-09. Authored both the Graduate and Undergraduate Association for Childhood Education International (ACEI) SPA Reports and achieved National Council of Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) in 2009. Addressed the needs of the program; implemented strategies to produce top quality teacher candidates who are techno-savvy, use Web 2.0 tools, sourceware and are work ready for the global economy; assisted childhood faculty in using Blackboard and the creation of rubrics; created the data aggregation system on excel; implemented and analyzed the data for the ACEI SPAs; gave workshops on NCATE; ensured alignment of rubrics per course to Mission Statement, Conceptual Framework, and ACEI and INTASC Standards; advised students; and handled scheduling for the Childhood Program. (Professional Leadership: Organizational Leadership Position) 2007
Workshop presenter, NCATE Retreat, November. (Professional Leadership: Organizational Leadership Position) 2007
American Educational Research Association SIG Awards Committee: Special Interest Group (SIG): International Studies (2003-present). Awards Committee Responsibilities include creating and presenting Best Papers, Best Symposiums, and Service Award Certificates
(Professional Leadership: Committee Service) 2003
American Educational Research Association (AERA), SIG Officer, Webmaster, Chair, Discussant, and Reviewer:
Special Interest Group (SIG): International Studies Officer (2003-present).
I created the initial Web site in 2003: http://www.aera.net/SIG054/InternationalStudiesSIG54/tabid/11395/Default.aspxOfficer responsibilities include presenting at the annual SIG Business meeting, Chair and Discussant for annual SIG sessions, review annual paper proposals, updating and revising the Web site two-three times per year in terms of SIG Newsletters, President and Program Chair Letters, SIG sessions and new and outgoing members.
(Professional Leadership: Organizational Leadership Position) 2003
Holocaust Education Advisory Committee & Technology Consultant (1999-2008)
The Holocaust Memorial & Educational Center of Nassau County, Glen Cove, NY.
(Professional Leadership: Committee Service) 1999
American Educational Research Association (AERA) Chair & Reviewer:
1) Special Interest Group (SIG): Action Research (2007-present). Chair SIG sessions and review annual paper proposals.
2) Special Interest Group (SIG): Instructional Technologies (2005-present). Chair SIG sessions and review annual paper proposals.
3) American Educational Research Association (AERA), Special Interest Group (SIG): Computer Applications in Education (1998-2000). Chair SIG paper sessions and review annual paper proposals.
(Professional Leadership: Committee Service) 1998
Pedagogical Achievements
2004
Other Professional Activities
Member, Association for Psychological Sciences, 2008-09. 2008
Presenter, Data Aggregation Workshop, Brooklyn College, January. 2008
Presenter, Data Aggregation Workshop, Brooklyn College, June. 2008
Presenter, Introducing Technology in Daily Education Workshop, Center for Teaching, Brooklyn College, December. 2007
Presenter, Introducing Technology in Daily Education Workshop, Center for Teaching, Brooklyn College, December. 2007
Webmaster, Childhood Education Program organizational site entitled SOE on Blackboard. All rubrics and resources necessitated for impending NCATE accreditation are housed for CEP faculty: full- and part-time. 2007
Workshop presenter, NCATE Retreat, Brooklyn College, November. 2007
"Utilizing Novice Graphing Software for the Intermediate Elementary Classroom." Institute for Leadership Training for Teaching Mathematics and Technology Workshop. SUNY College at Old Westbury. February. 2006
Chair, discussant, reviewer and officer/webmaster, SIG International Studies #54. American Educational Research Association, 1993-present. 1993
